【推荐】TokyoInterludeManagingDirectoroftheIMF国际货币基金组织基金从业资格英文
TO THE LOUVRE
去卢浮宫
Tokyo Interlude.Managing Director of the IMF（国际货币基金组织）? The Road to the Louvre Fives, Sixes and Sevens
国际货币基金组织总裁东京插曲？通往卢浮宫的路有五条、六条和七条
IIMF:
国际货币基金组织
（英语：International Monetary Fund，
缩写
：
IMF
）
IMF大楼 其总部设置于美国华盛顿特区
国际货币基金组织主要的角色是
会计师
，工作是记录各国之间的贸易数字，和各国间的债务，并主持制定国际货币经济政策。至于世界银行，则主要提供长期贷款。世银的工作类似
投资银行
，向公司、个人或政府发行
债券
，将所得款项借予受助国。
国际货币基金组织的成立目的是要稳定各国货币，以及监督
外汇市场
。由于国际货币基金组织不是银行，它不会放款。然而，国际货币基金有储备金，供国家借用，以在短时间内稳定货币；做法类似在往来户口中透支。所借款项必须于5年内清还。
1975年11月15—17日在巴黎郊外朗布依埃古堡举行，参加国为美国、联邦德国、日本、英国、法国和意大利的政府首脑。会议中心议题是如何建立“新秩序”，协调宏观经济，共同对付战后最严重的经济危机问题。会议基本同意刺激经济增长措施，接受浮动汇率，提出“最紧急的任务是保证经济恢复和解决失业”
1979年6月28—29日在东京举行，会议着重讨论了能源问题
Tokyo Interlude
东京插曲
THE TOKYO ECONOMIC SUMMIT at the beginning of May 1986 was organ- ized with characteristic Japanese thoroughness. The streets between the gigantic New Otani Hotel, where the UK contingent headed by Margaret, Geoffrey and myself were staying, and the Akasaka Palace, where the meetings were held, were cleared of all forms of traffic and lined without interruption on both sides of the road with soldiers with their backs to us as we sped to and fro- an unusual sensation in Tokyo of all cities.
1986年5月初的东京经济峰会以日本特有的彻底性组织起来。在由玛格丽特、杰弗里和我率领的英国代表团下榻的巨大的新大谷酒店和举行会议的赤坂宫之间的街道上，所有交通工具都被清除，道路两旁都没有中断，士兵背对我们，我们来来往往，这在东京所有城市中都是一种不寻常的感觉。
While the Americans were, as ever, chiefly preoccupied by misplaced worries that global economic growth was slowing down, the Japanese had become acutely concerned about the extent of the dollar's decline. By mid-year it had fallen by well over 30 per cent against the Mark from its 1985 peak. Against the yen it had fallen by over 40 per cent. Japan, much more than Germany, wanted the US to halt the slide in the dollar, which Jim Baker refused to do unless the Japanese and Germans ' increased growth'-by which he meant fiscal stimulation and interest rate cuts This dance was more like a scherzo than a stately minuet; and it was to be repeated many times with small variations for the next six years.
尽管美国人一如既往地主要被全球经济增长放缓的错误担忧所困扰，但日本人却对美元贬值的程度极为担忧。到年中，该指数较1985年的峰值下降了30%以上。人民币兑日元汇率已下跌逾40%。日本比德国更希望美国停止美元贬值，而吉姆·贝克拒绝这样做，除非日本和德国“增加增长”——他指的是财政刺激和降息——这种舞蹈更像谐谑曲，而不是庄严的小步舞曲；在接下来的六年里，它将以微小的变化重复多次。
Jim Baker subsequently attached considerable importance to the Tokyo Summit, partly because it was in that summit's communique that the compromise resolution of the G5/ G7 row was finally and formally agreed and set out in writing with the authority of the Heads of State an Government present'; but even more because it was there that
吉姆·贝克（Jim Baker）后来相当重视东京峰会，部分原因是，正是在该峰会的公报中，G5/G7争端的折衷决议最终得到正式同意，并在出席会议的国家元首和政府首脑的授权下以书面形式提出；但更重要的是因为它就在那里
secured agreement to the indicator'initiative by which he set such store. The communique declared that the new Group of Seven G7) Finance Ministers would meet at least once a year between the annual Economic Summitsand would use a new range of economic indicators to assess the economic performance of the G7 and to guide policy. There were originally ten of them, but I managed to get them whittled down to seven: growthinflationunemploymentbudget deficitstrade balances ' monetary conditions'and exchange rates.
获得了他设立此类商店的指标倡议的同意。公报宣布，新的七国集团（G7）财长将在年度经济峰会之间每年至少举行一次会议，并将使用一系列新的经济指标来评估G7的经济表现和指导政策。最初有十个，但我设法把它们缩减到七个：增长自由度就业预算赤字余额“货币状况”和汇率。
G7 美，加，英，法，德，意，日
七国集团成立于1970年代，由于主要资本主义国家之经济形势持续恶化，接连发生“
美元危机
”、“
石油危机
”、
布雷顿森林体系
瓦解，使得西方主要工业化国家经济萎靡不振
The description indicator'was chosen carefullyafter much haggling to （议价distinguish them from objectivesMy officials played an active part in the indicator exercisewhich would have gone completely off the rails had they not done so. But even in the improved form in which they eventually emergedthey were essentially a device to put pressure on the Japanese and Europeans to take ' expansionary measures'and in this way to take the heat off the falling dollar. There was never any agreementor even proper discussionof what to do if the various indicators pointed in different directionsor even any analysis of the relationship of the different indicators to each other. I found it impossible to take the exercise very seriously and it certainly played no part, for all Jim Baker's combination of nagging and enthusiasmin the subsequent course of world economic policy.
“描述指标”是经过多次讨价还价后谨慎选择的，目的是将其与目标区分开来。我的官员们在指标实践中发挥了积极作用，如果他们不这样做的话，这将完全偏离轨道。但是，即使它们最终以改进的形式出现，它们本质上也是一种向日本和欧洲施加压力的手段，以采取“扩张性措施”，从而缓解美元下跌带来的压力。如果各种指标指向不同的方向，甚至对不同指标之间的关系进行任何分析，都没有达成一致意见，甚至没有进行适当的讨论。我发现不可能非常认真地对待这项工作，而且它肯定没有起到任何作用，因为吉姆·贝克在随后的世界经济政策过程中总是唠叨不休，充满热情。
During my visit to Tokyo, I had some bilateral fish to fry,outsidethe context of the Summitin the shape of seeking
to persuade the Japanese to open their markets to British goods and servicesIndeed
I saw Noboru Takeshitathe Japanese Finance Ministermainly for this purpose, as soon as I arrived on Sunday4 May. Japanese securities houses had for many years been able to trade freely in Londonbut no British securities firms had been given licences to deal in securities or manage funds in Tokyo. These efforts to secure trading licences were reasonably successfulwith the number of British securities firms operating in Japan jumping from just two at the end of 1983 to fifteen by the end of 1987. Partly as a result of the Summitthe first British firm was admitted to membership of the Tokyo stock exchange in 1986. This was an issue I had first raised with Takeshita in private during the London Summit in 1984. The Japanese could scarcely be accused of acting quickly, and it was in an effort to speed the process up that I insisted on the insertion into the Financial Services Act of 1986 a clause allowing the UK authorities to refuse to authorizeor remove authorization from, any institution whose national authorities did not provide reciprocal access to British houses.
在我访问东京期间，除了峰会的背景之外，我还有一些双边的事情要做。我试图说服日本人向英国商品和服务开放市场。事实上，我在5月4日星期日抵达日本时，就看到了日本财务大臣竹下伸男（Noboru Takeshitat）。多年来，日本证券公司一直能够在伦敦自由交易，但没有一家英国证券公司获得在东京进行证券交易或管理基金的许可证。这些争取交易许可证的努力相当成功，在日本经营的英国证券公司的数量从1983年底的两家跃升到1987年底的15家。部分由于这次峰会，第一家英国公司于1986年获准成为东京证券交易所的会员。这是我在1984年伦敦峰会上首次私下向竹下提出的问题。日本人很难被指责行动迅速，正是为了加快这一进程，我坚持在1986年的《金融服务法》中加入一项条款，允许英国当局拒绝授权或取消授权，任何其国家当局不提供进入英国住宅的互惠通道的机构。
The Japanese unwillingness to liberalize trading practices was not confined to financial service
sAt the Sunday morning meeting I also spent some time trying to persuade
Takeshita to lift the heavy duty Japan imposed on imported Scotch whisky
, which was finally halved three years later, in April 1989. Margaretwho had a strong mercantilist
日本不愿意开放贸易行为不仅仅限于金融服务。在周日上午的会议上，我还花了一些时间试图说服竹下取消日本对进口苏格兰威士忌征收的重税。三年后，在1989年4月，该税终于减半。玛格丽特有着强烈的重商主义倾向
Steark was always
fretting about
the imbalance of trade between Britain and Japan. But although I did not share her concern with bilateral balancesshe undoubtedly had a case on the
many visible and invisible barriers
to consumer goods and agricultural imports into Japan, some, although by no means all, of which were gradually removed after much diplomatic pressureIndeed, she played a considerable part in battling on behalf of Scotch Whisky-her own favourite tipple.
streak一直为英国和日本之间的贸易不平衡而烦恼。但是，尽管我不同意她对双边平衡的担忧，但毫无疑问，她对日本消费品和农产品进口的许多有形和无形壁垒都有自己的看法，其中一些壁垒虽然并非全部，但在经过大量外交压力后逐渐被消除，她在为自己最喜欢的苏格兰威士忌而战中扮演了相当重要的角色。
The most memorable feature of the Tokyo Summitso far as I was concernedwas the dinner that Takeshita gave for his G7 counterparts in the private room of a well-known Tokyo restaurant on the Monday evening.
It was an up-market establishment of the traditional Japanese variety, with highly trained and unfailingly solicitous geisha girls
, whose concession to the official nature of the occasion was to confine enter- tainment to card tricks, dancingand karaokethe only time I have ever experienced this apparently popular contribution of Japanese electronic skills to Western civilization
据我所知，东京峰会最令人难忘的特点是周一晚上竹下在东京一家著名餐厅的包间为七国集团的同僚们举行的晚宴。这是一个高端市场的传统日本品种的建立，有训练有素和一贯关心的艺妓女孩，他们的让步，以官方性质的场合是限制进入娱乐卡技巧，跳舞和卡拉OK这是我唯一一次体验到日本电子技术对西方文明的贡献
The girls' card tricks were amazingleaving Jim Baker, who fancied himself as something of a connoisseur of this genre, totally baffied. The evening came to a spectacular and unscheduled conclusion with Takeshita and Michio Watanabethen the Minister for Industry and International Trade (MITI) , putting on make-up and mounting the dais to perform a dramatic cameo from the classical Japanese repertoireI was surprised when, the following day, Takeshita begged me not to tell his wife, Naoko. It seemed to me he had done nothing of which he could possibly be ashamed
女孩们的纸牌戏法令人惊讶，吉姆·贝克自诩为这一流派的鉴赏家，但他完全被骂了一顿。当晚，竹下和日本工业和国际贸易大臣渡边美雄（Michio Watanabethen）化妆并登上讲台，表演了一场来自日本古典剧目的戏剧性客串。第二天，我惊讶地发现，竹下求我不要告诉他的妻子直子。在我看来，他没有做任何他可能感到羞耻的事
Before leaving Tokyo on the evening of 6 May,
the Ministers
from all the summit countries
were invited to
an audience with the Emperor Hirohito at his palace in the centre of the city. He was very old and frail, and could manage only a very few words in Englishbut it was remarkable to be greeted by
a man who had become Emperor in 1926
, well before I was born, when Baldwin was Prime Minister and Winston Churchill was Chancellor of the ExchequerHe was also the only man I am ever likely to meet who officially resigned from God.
在5月6日晚离开东京之前，所有首脑会议国家的部长都应邀在市中心的裕仁天皇宫殿会见了裕仁天皇。他年纪很大，体弱多病，只能用英语说几句话。但是，在我出生之前，他在1926年就已经当上了皇帝，当鲍德温担任首相，温斯顿·丘吉尔担任财政大臣时，他也是我见过的唯一一个正式从上帝那里辞职的人。
There was a
court banquet
at the Imperial Palace afterwards where we dined to the accompaniment of a group of
musicians playing seventeenth century Japanese music on authentic instrumentsand producing
the most monotonous cacophony it has ever been my misfortune to en- dure. Not even the good food and Hans-Dietrich Genscher's endless fund of political jokes could make it tolerableand I was relieved that MargaretGeoffrey and I had to leave the dinner early and rush to Haneda airport to board the ancient RAF VC10, which contained a bed for Margaretfor the flight back to LondonOn the return journey the aircraft refuelled at AnchorageAlaskawhich lingered in my mind as a place of such remote desolation that I successfully resisted Jim Baker's attempt to hold a G7 Finance Ministers' meeting there at the end of the following year.
后来在皇宫举行了一次宫廷宴会，在一群音乐家的伴奏下，我们用正宗乐器演奏了17世纪的日本音乐，并发出了最单调的杂音。这是我不幸的经历。即使是美味的食物和Hans Dietrich Genscher没完没了的政治笑话也不能让我忍受。玛格丽特·杰弗里和我不得不提前离开晚餐，赶往羽田机场登上古老的皇家空军VC10，这让我松了一口气，其中有一张床铺，是玛格丽特回伦敦的飞机返程时在Anchoragealaskawah加油的地方，在我的脑海中萦绕着一个如此荒凉的地方，我成功地抵挡住了 Jim Baker 试图在次年年底在那里举行七国集团财政部长会议。
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